Agrivirtual Blog
1. Global Profile of Agricultural Machinery Industry
1.1 General Outlook
The global agricultural machinery sector, which reached the highest business volume of all time in 2013, reached 117.52 billion USD in 2017. The development trend of the sector is shown in the table below.
The Size of the Global Agricultural Machinery Industry (Billion USD), 2010–2020
Years |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2017 |
2020* |
105,07 |
119,7 |
131,68 |
137 |
134,34 |
121 |
117,52 |
124,72 |
*estimated
Source: VDMA Sector Reports
According to the estimates made by some major agricultural machinery producers open to the stock market, despite a series of negative developments such as global sales, movements against globalization, the effects of climate change, protectionist movements observed in the countries in the period of 2017, the growth expectations especially from the USA increased, with the effect of falling unemployment, it will grow on average 2 percent annually. According to this approach, it is calculated that the global agricultural machinery market will reach 124.72 billion USD by 2020 (Zobu Consulting, 2018).
Regional Distribution of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Market (Percentage share), 2017
Regions |
EU |
Nafta |
China |
S.America |
India |
CIS* |
Japan |
Turkey |
Others |
%26 |
%22 |
%15 |
%8 |
%6 |
%6 |
%4 |
%3 |
%10 |
*Commonwealth Of Independent States
Source: VDMA
Production, Foreign Trade and Internal Market in the EU Agricultural Machinery Industry (Million Euro)
Countries |
Production |
Export |
Import |
Domestic Market |
||
2015 |
2016 |
20171 |
2017 |
2017 |
2017 |
|
Germany |
11.108,3 |
11.183,5 |
12.664,4 |
10.247,5 |
4.037,3 |
6.454,3 |
France |
4.426,9 |
4.284,2 |
4.634,9 |
3.171,5 |
3.585,2 |
5.048,7 |
Italy |
8.230,1 |
7.899,9 |
7.109,9 |
4.523,5 |
1.272,8 |
3.859,2 |
United Kingdom |
2.623,9 |
2.357,9 |
2.512,2 |
2.114,6 |
2.183,9 |
2.581,6 |
Belgium |
1.600,6 |
1.637,2 |
2.111,6 |
1.959,5 |
1535 |
1687 |
Spain |
1.195,2 |
1.185,1 |
1.293,8 |
721,5 |
1.096,9 |
1.669,2 |
Poland |
1.526,5 |
1.262,5 |
1.450,5 |
1.234,2 |
1.323,8 |
1.540,1 |
Austria |
1.757,7 |
1.783,6 |
1.809,9 |
1.491,8 |
1.019,7 |
1.337,8 |
Netherlands |
2166 |
2.232,2 |
2.303,8 |
2.887,9 |
1.715,1 |
1131 |
Sweden |
903,6 |
899,6 |
1.034,7 |
1.037,8 |
960,6 |
957,6 |
Czech Republic |
696,4 |
715,4 |
777,9 |
733,4 |
777,8 |
822,3 |
Romania |
85,2 |
88,8 |
137,5 |
102,1 |
689,9 |
725,3 |
Finland |
1.123,5 |
1.138,9 |
1.208,7 |
1.012,2 |
414,8 |
611,3 |
Denmark |
538,5 |
549 |
530 |
841,1 |
901,5 |
590,4 |
Hungary |
467,4 |
427,8 |
434 |
726,9 |
739,5 |
446,6 |
Portugal |
108,2 |
102,8 |
110,5 |
57,4 |
317,9 |
371 |
Ireland |
154,8 |
122 |
142,6 |
238 |
405,7 |
310,3 |
Lithuania |
29,4 |
33,3 |
42 |
279,2 |
501,2 |
264 |
Bulgaria |
35,5 |
24,8 |
26,7 |
279,2 |
491 |
238,5 |
Letonia |
28 |
26,7 |
25,5 |
66,1 |
237,2 |
196,6 |
Croatia |
95,9 |
105,8 |
114,2 |
85 |
165,4 |
194,5 |
Slovenia |
132,9 |
142,4 |
153,3 |
162,6 |
191,4 |
182,1 |
Slovakia |
191,6 |
209,7 |
229,5 |
409,1 |
353,1 |
173,5 |
Greece |
78,7 |
70,7 |
94,3 |
66,4 |
141,5 |
169,4 |
Estonia |
76,3 |
79,3 |
74,3 |
83 |
175,4 |
166,7 |
Luxembourg |
0 |
0 |
0 |
41 |
90,2 |
49,2 |
Cyprus |
8,8 |
9,9 |
11,1 |
1,2 |
11,5 |
21,4 |
Malta |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0,1 |
2,1 |
1,9 |
Total EU 28 |
39.389,9 |
38.573 |
41.037,9 |
34.573,8 |
25.337,4 |
31.801,5 |
Turkey |
2.585,1 |
2.646,7 |
2.638,3 |
681,3 |
633,4 |
2.774,7 |
Source: CEMA, 2019
(1) estimated
According to these values in terms of production size and domestic market volume, Turkey comes after Germany, Italy and Fransa.
1.2 Overview of Turkey
Turkish Agricultural Machinery Sector reached 3.5 billion USD in 2017.
Turkey Agricultural Machinery Market Size (USD Million), 2011-2017
Years |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2.637 |
1.836 |
2.838 |
3.036 |
3.344 |
3.708 |
3.497 |
Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, expert accounts
2. Global Trade
2.1 World Agricultural Machinery Trade Volume
The global trade volume of the agricultural machinery industry as of 2018 (narrow scope) is 127.4 billion USD according to ITC statistics. 63.9 billion USD of this amount is export and 63.5 billion USD is import.
World Agricultural Machinery Foreign Trade (Thousand USD), 2014-2018
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
Export |
62.643.152 |
53.508.488 |
51.964.687 |
58.755.026 |
63.957.632 |
Import |
61.562.373 |
54.314.188 |
51.986.347 |
57.828.466 |
63.526.110 |
Kaynak: ITC
Regions in Global Trade (Percentage share), 2018
Europe |
Asia |
America |
Oceania |
Afrika |
Total |
|
Export |
64,2% |
14,2% |
20,6% |
0,6% |
0,4% |
57 billion € |
Import |
53,9% |
12,7% |
25,6% |
4% |
3,8% |
60 billion € |
Source: CEMA, 2019
|
Global Agricultural Machinery Export by Product Groups (2018) Tractors take the first place in global exports with 29.1 percent, followed by green field (landscape) equipment with 19 percent. In terms of the number of producers, the share of the tillage; planting, fertilizing, hay making and harvesting which are the three important groups of the agricultural machinery industry was calculated as 33.1 percent. (CEMA, 2019) |
|
Global Agricultural Machinery Export by Product Groups, (Percentage, Value, billion €), 2018
Percentage |
Value |
Percentage |
Value |
||
Tractors |
29,1 |
16,6 |
Farming |
4,4 |
2,5 |
Landscape |
19 |
10,8 |
Hay making |
4,3 |
2,5 |
Harvest |
17,2 |
9,8 |
Sowing, Planting, Fertilization |
4,3 |
2,5 |
Soil Processing |
7,3 |
4,1 |
Dairy |
3 |
1,7 |
Storage, Drying |
5,1 |
2,9 |
Transportation |
1 |
0,5 |
Plant protection |
4,7 |
2,7 |
Viticulture |
0,6 |
0,4 |
Source: CEMA, 2019
2.2 Turkey's Share in Global Trade
Turkish agricultural machinery industry, which exported 56 million USD of agricultural machinery in 2001, has a foreign trade surplus with exports exceeding 1 billion USD today.
While the sector was 31st in exports in 2001, it completed 2019 in 16th place and increased its share from exports to 3 per thousand and 15 per thousand.
Top 10 Countries in Agricultural Machinery Export and Turkey’s Share (Percentage share, Value; thousand USD), 2018
Countries |
Value |
Pay % |
World |
63.957.632 |
|
Germany |
11.557.128 |
18,1 |
USA |
8.074.620 |
12,6 |
China |
4.582.214 |
7,2 |
Italy |
4.559.703 |
7,1 |
France |
3.755.583 |
5,9 |
Netherlands |
3.245.805 |
5,1 |
Belgium |
2.443.578 |
3,8 |
United Kingdom |
2.442.659 |
3,8 |
Japan |
2.096.416 |
3,3 |
Canada |
1.810.591 |
2,8 |
Turkey |
817.397 |
1,3 |
Source: ITC; narrow analysis
According to 2018 data, the share of the top 10 countries in total exports is 69.7 percent. Only Germany and the USA's share is 30.7 percent.
Top 10 Countries in Agricultural Machinery Import and Turkey’s Share (Percentage share, Value; thousand USD), 2018
Countries |
Value |
Pay % |
World |
63.526.110 |
|
USA |
7.644.636 |
12,0 |
France |
4.728.702 |
7,4 |
Germany |
4.723.724 |
7,4 |
Canada |
4.102.194 |
6,5 |
United Kingdom |
2.584.674 |
4,1 |
Russian Federation |
2.257.890 |
3,6 |
Netherlands |
1.904.339 |
3,0 |
Australia |
1.734.198 |
2,7 |
Belgium |
1.702.687 |
2,7 |
Poland |
1.693.628 |
2,7 |
Turkey |
435.901 |
0.7 |
Source: ITC; narrow analysis
According to 2018 data, the share of top 10 countries in total exports is 52.1 percent.
2.3 Agricultural Machinery Export
In 2019, agricultural machinery was exported to approximately 120 countries at the level of 1.041 million USD. 573 million USD of this value is tractor and 468 million USD is equipment. 93 million USD of tractor exports are parts and components.
Turkey's Agricultural Machinery Exports by Countries (Value, thousand USD) 2015-2019
Countries |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
Total |
651.419 |
607.759 |
641.548 |
817.397 |
937.069 |
USA |
181.745 |
169.682 |
150.719 |
183.510 |
203.791 |
Italy |
70.613 |
63.847 |
63.068 |
113.096 |
131.378 |
Iraq |
29.839 |
29.294 |
24.887 |
39.789 |
75.967 |
Azerbaijan |
20.967 |
23.688 |
55.385 |
42.667 |
45.651 |
Uzbekistan |
10.105 |
9.667 |
21.794 |
38.679 |
42.496 |
Sırbia |
7.097 |
9.674 |
11.214 |
16.453 |
25.442 |
Algeria |
21.010 |
20.005 |
9.874 |
12.651 |
23.463 |
Bulgaria |
14.965 |
13.527 |
12.741 |
17.905 |
20.349 |
Sudan |
22.127 |
19.668 |
15.306 |
21.140 |
16.706 |
France |
13.322 |
11.451 |
13.734 |
16.037 |
15.551 |
Morocco |
11.487 |
6.854 |
12.663 |
17.775 |
14.824 |
Russian Federation |
15.060 |
7.583 |
7.432 |
13.557 |
14.593 |
Iran |
15.794 |
15.187 |
17.070 |
9.114 |
14.090 |
Romania |
5.915 |
7.122 |
9.395 |
11.226 |
13.544 |
Turkmenistan |
5.765 |
6.022 |
7.010 |
7.551 |
12.641 |
South Africa |
11.106 |
13.242 |
12.272 |
13.963 |
12.460 |
Germany |
3.897 |
4.633 |
4.813 |
9.137 |
10.792 |
Libya |
2.636 |
4.182 |
1.699 |
5.268 |
10.219 |
Others |
187.969 |
172.431 |
190.472 |
249.019 |
233.112 |
Source: ITC; narrow analysis
Turkey's Agricultural Machinery Exports by HS Code (Value, thousand USD) 2015-2019
HS Code |
Product Label |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
Total |
641.548 |
817.397 |
937.069 |
|
8701.93 |
Tractors, of an engine power > 37 kW but <= 75 kW (excl. those of heading 8709, pedestrian-controlled) |
270.176 |
368.923 |
419.069 |
8424.82 |
Agricultural or horticultural mechanical appliances, whether or not hand-operated) |
22.697 |
39.723 |
57.376 |
8701.94 |
Tractors, of an engine power > 75 kW but <= 130 kW (excl. those of heading 8709) |
43.328 |
48.508 |
54.427 |
8436.29 |
Poultry-keeping machinery (excluding machines for sorting or grading eggs, poultry pickers ) |
41.496 |
50.349 |
53.079 |
8436.10 |
Machinery for preparing animal feedingstuffs in agricultural holdings and similar undertakings) |
23.517 |
29.718 |
43.915 |
8432.39 |
Seeders, planters and transplanters (excl. no-till machines) |
34.245 |
33.570 |
41.553 |
8432.90 |
Parts of agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery for soil preparation or cultivation ... |
29.996 |
40.608 |
40.354 |
8433.90 |
Parts of harvesting machinery, threshing machinery, mowers and machines for cleaning, sorting ... |
18.753 |
25.694 |
25.231 |
8432.29 |
Harrows, scarifiers, cultivators, weeders and hoes for use in agriculture, horticulture or ... |
11.825 |
19.005 |
20.830 |
8424.49 |
Agricultural or horticultural sprayers (excl. portable) |
13.733 |
16.650 |
18.171 |
Others |
131.782 |
144.649 |
163.064 |
|
Source: ITC; narrow analysis
Note: Due to the change in some HS codes in 2017, previous years were not included in the table.
Agricultural Machinery Exports by Countries (Value; thousand USD), 2014-2018
Countries |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
Total |
62.218.222 |
53.253.825 |
51.931.929 |
58.926.543 |
63.980.202 |
Germany |
10.756.032 |
8.900.206 |
8.885.211 |
10.450.845 |
11.500.558 |
USA |
9.023.267 |
7.626.477 |
6.759.374 |
7.564.677 |
8.066.143 |
China |
3.742.914 |
3.667.512 |
3.655.593 |
4.470.877 |
4.582.214 |
Italy |
5.268.418 |
4.405.629 |
4.214.518 |
4.421.488 |
4.563.204 |
France |
3.556.271 |
2.851.261 |
2.947.124 |
3.329.193 |
3.754.005 |
Netherlands |
2.543.686 |
2.284.527 |
2.544.360 |
2.975.671 |
3.300.534 |
Belgium |
2.225.460 |
1.898.891 |
1.842.245 |
2.023.015 |
2.445.914 |
United Kingdom |
2.561.668 |
2.105.295 |
2.062.648 |
2.204.005 |
2.442.659 |
Japan |
2.028.992 |
1.946.159 |
1.907.074 |
1.967.139 |
2.096.416 |
Austria |
1.919.634 |
1.426.834 |
1.312.328 |
1.499.014 |
1.823.487 |
Canada |
1.966.998 |
1.605.652 |
1.448.873 |
1.569.026 |
1.810.456 |
Poland |
1.179.755 |
1.023.875 |
1.053.793 |
1.283.365 |
1.374.281 |
Finland |
986.651 |
931.550 |
929.178 |
1.069.936 |
1.348.889 |
Brazil |
1.271.240 |
920.675 |
853.709 |
1.275.883 |
1.135.230 |
India |
1.055.437 |
1.117.598 |
1.019.426 |
945.341 |
1.030.365 |
Sweden |
779.432 |
637.189 |
640.924 |
823.934 |
939.271 |
Czech republic |
733.682 |
673.619 |
675.050 |
738.552 |
856.921 |
Hungary |
615.680 |
515.622 |
546.235 |
738.678 |
826.486 |
Mexico |
969.980 |
896.168 |
770.607 |
790.620 |
818.700 |
Turkey |
727.901 |
651.419 |
607.759 |
641.548 |
817.434 |
Others |
8.305.124 |
7.167.667 |
7.255.900 |
8.143.736 |
8.447.035 |
Source: ITC; narrow analysis
2.4 Agricultural Machinery Imports
In 2019, 282 million USD agricultural machinery was imported. 138 million USD of this value is tractor and 144 million USD is equipment. 57 million USD of tractor imports are parts and parts.
Turkey's Agricultural Machinery Imports by HS Code (Value, thousand USD) 2015-2019
Countries |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
Total |
680.319 |
657.007 |
624.449 |
435.901 |
191.479 |
Italy |
147.305 |
147.241 |
159.312 |
89.665 |
27.099 |
Germany |
73.346 |
59.074 |
72.588 |
51.686 |
25.514 |
France |
70.467 |
69.825 |
69.168 |
32.304 |
21.856 |
China |
33.886 |
42.764 |
52.724 |
42.180 |
20.098 |
India |
125.959 |
115.519 |
72.347 |
29.897 |
19.744 |
USA |
47.862 |
44.693 |
25.725 |
20.921 |
17.024 |
Japan |
20.083 |
28.703 |
29.343 |
17.407 |
14.602 |
Poland |
48.675 |
50.104 |
49.398 |
54.772 |
8.250 |
Israel |
4.264 |
4.866 |
6.984 |
20.624 |
7.387 |
Netherlands |
20.036 |
20.061 |
11.390 |
13.785 |
6.931 |
Slovakia |
6.625 |
4.421 |
6.418 |
6.380 |
5.330 |
Mexico |
10.268 |
10.366 |
6.560 |
5.596 |
4.238 |
United Kingdom |
18.766 |
16.352 |
13.400 |
12.324 |
2.900 |
Belgium |
17.925 |
9.768 |
16.769 |
14.867 |
1.720 |
Spain |
2.779 |
5.123 |
5.228 |
5.118 |
1.457 |
Others |
32.073 |
28.127 |
27.095 |
18.375 |
7.329 |
Source: ITC; narrow analysis
Turkey's Agricultural Machinery Imports by HS Code (Value, thousand USD) 2015-2019
HS Code |
Product Label |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
Toplam |
624.449 |
435.901 |
191.479 |
|
8701.93 |
Tractors, of an engine power > 37 kW but <= 75 kW (excl. those of heading 8709, pedestrian-controlled) |
179.060 |
72.085 |
33.907 |
8701.94 |
Tractors, of an engine power > 75 kW but <= 130 kW (excl. those of heading 8709, pedestrian-controlled) |
99.732 |
54.506 |
28.748 |
8433.90 |
Parts of harvesting machinery, threshing machinery, mowers and machines for cleaning, sorting etc.) |
17.781 |
36.642 |
14330 |
8433.59 |
Harvesting machinery for agricultural produce (excluding mowers, haymaking machinery, etc.) |
29.467 |
41.492 |
13.225 |
8433.60 |
Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading eggs, fruit or other agricultural produce |
21.517 |
19.234 |
12.335 |
8701.95 |
Tractors, of an engine power > 130 kW (excl. those of heading 8709, pedestrian-controlled tractors) |
22.590 |
23.841 |
11.394 |
8424.82 |
Agricultural or horticultural mechanical appliances, whether or not hand-operated |
24.355 |
20.661 |
10.087 |
8433.51 |
Combine harvester-threshers |
67.701 |
59.089 |
9.310 |
8436.29 |
Poultry-keeping machinery (excluding machines for sorting or grading eggs, poultry pickers) |
22.947 |
6.225 |
7.577 |
8701.92 |
Tractors, of an engine power > 18 kW but <= 37 kW (excl. those of heading 8709, pedestrian-controlled |
40.731 |
10.589 |
6.619 |
Others |
98.568 |
91.537 |
43.947 |
|
Source: ITC; dar kapsamlı analiz
Note: Due to the change in some HS codes in 2017, previous years were not included in the table.
Agricultural Machinery Imports by Countries (Value, thousand USD), 2014–2018
Countries |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
Total |
61.314.747 |
54.047.507 |
52.215.718 |
58.015.741 |
63.477.950 |
USA |
7.589.728 |
7.405.608 |
6.621.599 |
6.632.913 |
7.649.465 |
France |
4.792.695 |
4.087.158 |
3.733.516 |
3.643.698 |
4.719.675 |
Germany |
4.633.115 |
3.879.930 |
3.731.098 |
4.097.154 |
4.659.858 |
Canada |
4.066.928 |
3.348.562 |
3.095.384 |
3.761.372 |
4.101.073 |
United Kingdom |
2.809.108 |
2.390.879 |
2.255.225 |
2.428.263 |
2.584.674 |
Russian Federation |
2.314.125 |
1.326.975 |
1.718.061 |
2.482.377 |
2.257.890 |
Netherlands |
1.385.394 |
1.174.696 |
1.632.242 |
1.766.368 |
2.023.174 |
Australia |
1.542.120 |
1.510.649 |
1.662.012 |
1.915.211 |
1.734.198 |
Belgium |
1.997.592 |
1.538.739 |
1.433.064 |
1.554.408 |
1.703.342 |
Poland |
1.700.420 |
1.384.810 |
1.032.408 |
1.341.719 |
1.675.446 |
Italy |
1.250.035 |
1.111.332 |
1.107.883 |
1.230.240 |
1.481.838 |
Spain |
1.128.133 |
1.087.728 |
1.074.951 |
1.127.715 |
1.353.037 |
Ukraine |
694.401 |
532.935 |
1.138.677 |
1.380.944 |
1.147.435 |
Austria |
1.122.916 |
941.069 |
868.547 |
1.001.671 |
1.134.893 |
Sweden |
1.025.036 |
891.715 |
941.565 |
985.596 |
1.096.928 |
Mexico |
888.109 |
959.167 |
901.481 |
902.374 |
947.423 |
Denmark |
857.955 |
700.196 |
797.505 |
926.683 |
938.996 |
Romania |
698.933 |
550.385 |
568.326 |
682.715 |
931.706 |
Czech Republic |
835.393 |
753.109 |
649.299 |
772.437 |
914.122 |
Hungary |
803.429 |
584.728 |
651.813 |
777.201 |
884.619 |
China |
890.357 |
966.394 |
832.235 |
782.893 |
751.004 |
Japan |
697.831 |
490.897 |
587.220 |
674.065 |
724.226 |
New Zealand |
682.849 |
473.990 |
429.501 |
598.382 |
670.023 |
Switzerland |
656.563 |
646.122 |
600.844 |
614.452 |
658.295 |
Norway |
603.817 |
549.122 |
570.672 |
611.938 |
656.235 |
Bulgaria |
569.006 |
578.186 |
480.886 |
500.092 |
622.714 |
South Afrika |
781.943 |
551.127 |
431.287 |
593.257 |
553.682 |
Argentina |
353.615 |
294.601 |
408.092 |
783.171 |
548.612 |
Lithuania |
363.227 |
351.983 |
463.636 |
497.849 |
543.332 |
Brazil |
640.348 |
398.750 |
334.299 |
365.426 |
533.612 |
Republic of Korea |
494.193 |
385.700 |
484.449 |
476.802 |
520.756 |
Ireland |
467.355 |
414.428 |
376.902 |
407.287 |
512.555 |
Finland |
517.159 |
379.273 |
402.373 |
397.199 |
466.047 |
Chşle |
387.312 |
369.744 |
329.721 |
369.660 |
445.561 |
Turkey |
602.631 |
680.319 |
657.007 |
624.449 |
435.901 |
Others |
10.470.976 |
10.356.501 |
9.211.938 |
10.307.760 |
10.895.603 |
Source: ITC; narrow analysis
3. EU-Turkey Comparison in Number of Companies in the Agricultural Machinery Industry
Although more than a thousand companies operate in the sector, this number is an average of 500-600 companies in the leading EU countries except Italy. There is a production value of € 22 million per unit firm in Germany, € 4 million in Italy, € 8.5 million in France, € 5.2 million in the UK and € 2.6 million in Poland. In Turkey, this value is € 1.85 million level.
Number of Companies in Agricultural Machinery Industry in EU Countries, 2016
Ülkeler |
Firma Sayısı |
Ülkeler |
Firma Sayısı |
Ülkeler |
Firma Sayısı |
Germany |
577 |
Finland |
139 |
Greece |
450 |
Italy |
1.772 |
Czech Rep. |
266 |
Esthonia |
29 |
France1 |
546 |
Denmark |
156 |
Lithuania |
10 |
United Kingdom |
483 |
Hungary |
145 |
Latvia |
22 |
Netherlands |
307 |
Slovakia |
47 |
Bulgaria |
54 |
Austria |
120 |
İreland2 |
79 |
Cyprus |
8 |
Belgium |
187 |
Slovenia |
56 |
Luxembourg |
0 |
Poland |
563 |
Portugal |
155 |
Malta |
0 |
Spain |
749 |
Croatia |
59 |
EU–28 |
7.245 |
Sweden |
206 |
Romania |
60 |
Turkey |
1.434 |
Source: CEMA, 2019
(1) France: INSEE, 2016, (2) Ireland: 2014